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Hollinger Corp. 
P H8.5 



• UJHS 
)C| ' WISCONSIN 

FIRST-CLASS 

RURAL SCHOOLS 



Requirements for 
Special State Aid 



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Issued by 

C. P. CARY 

State Superintendent 



1917 



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PREFACE 

In this pamphlet are outlined the requirements that must he 
met in order to secure the special state aid of fifty dollars a 
year to rural schools. The plan here outlined embraces the 
requirements for the next three years. It has heen my en- 
deavor, in so far as possible, to outline a plan that would be 
within the reach of many- of the poorest school districts in the 
state. It would be an easy matter to fix requirements so high 
that only a few of the wealthiest districts could meet the re- 
quirements. On the other hand, it would not in my opinion 
be good public policy to lower the standard to such a degree 
that poorly equipped schools could secure the money without 
effort. The plan here outlined and the requirements from year 
to year for three years are, in the opinion of the state superin- 
tendent and members of the department, a reasonable balance 
between leniency on the one hand, and severe requirements on 
the other. It is to be hoped that hundreds of schools will 
feel the stimulus, and profit by this special state aid. 

County superintendents, supervising teachers, and school 
boards are earnestly requested to cooperate with the State 
Department in seeing to it that in no instance does a school 
get this state aid without meriting it, or fail to get the state aid 
if it does merit it. State aid is never granted to schools with- 
out a purpose, and that purpose is the improvement of the 
facilities for education and the quality of the work in the 
schools affected by the aid. All county superintendents in 
particular are earnestly requested to deal with this problem 
seriously, and to refuse utterly to approve the granting of state 
aid to districts that do not properly respond to the require- 
ments specified. 

C. P. CARY, 
State Superintendent. 



REQUIREMENTS FOR RURAL SCHOOLS OF THE FIRST 
CLASS MENTIONED IN THE LAW. 

The law mentions seven specific requirements which a school must 
meet in order to be classed as a first class school and share in the 
special state aid of fifty dollars annually. They are as follows: 

I. Length of the school year required. 
II. Condition of the school building required. 

III. Kind and condition of outbuildings required. 

IV. Needful apparatus and equipment required. 
V. Supplementary readers required. 

VI. An adequate system of ventilation required. 
VII. Efficient work on the part of the teacher required. 

Explanation of Requirements 

The state superintendent is required by the statute to outline the 
requirements under each head, where the law itself is not specific. 
A progressive plan, covering three years of time for its completion, 
bas been outlined for districts desiring to secure this aid. The first 
year, districts will be required to have a certain number of items 
under each head; an additional number must be provided for the 
second year, and all the requirements must be met during the third 
and all succeeding years. 

I. The school year. The law definitely prescribes that the 
school must be maintained for at least nine months. 

II. The school building. The law prescribes that the district 
must provide a suitable school building or buildings. The follow- 
ing eleven items are enumerated as embodying the principal fea- 
tures to be considered under this topic: 

1. Foundation and all walls in good repair. 

2. Interior walls and ceiling tinted or painted cream color or 
light tan. (Not whitewashed.) Many schoolrooms have dark 
ceilings and walls. Some explain this by saying it does not show the 
dirt! There should be no dirt. A poorly lighted room with dark 
ceiling and walls is too much like a dungeon to be suited to the 
needs of children. 

3. Ceiling so constructed as to prevent the heated air from es- 
caping through it. 

4. A good, smooth floor, — one that can easily be kept clean. 

5. Adequate cloakrooms, properly heated and ventilated. 

6. Fly screens for all doors leading into the school buildings, 
and at least two windows, to be used when needed. 

7. Window sashes on weights, so as to move freely, or else case- 
ment windows. 

8. Adjustable window shades of tan or light color kept in work- 
ing order. (Shades should be used to cover part of the window 
only when it is necessary to shut out too bright a light. Many 
teachers have the inexcusable habit of keeping the upper half of the 
window covered.) 



— 6 — 

9. At least 16 square feet of floor space to each pupil after 
reserving six to eight feet of the front of the room for recitation 
purposes. 

10. Lighting from left only, or from left and rear. 

11. Lighting area not less than one-sixth of floor space; one- 
fifth advised. 

Schools must have at least six of the eleven requirements in the 
above list in order to secure aid for the first year application is 
made. To receive aid for the second time, three additional items 
will be required, and the third year and for succeeding years, all 
will be required. 

III. The outbuildings. The different items that must be com- 
plied with are the following: 

1. Construction of buildings must be in compliance with the law 
and the rules of the State Board of Health*. 

2. They must be properly lighted and ventilated. (A window 
and ventilating shaft. ) 

3. They must be kept clean and in a sanitary condition at all 
times. 

4. They must be properly screened against flies. 

5. They must be kept free from marks and writings. 

6. They must be provided with locks and keys so that they may 
be locked when school is not in session, 

7. Toilet paper must be furnished. 

8. Good, dry walks should lead to the outbuildings. The space 
around the outbuildings should be well-drained so that water does 
not accumulate when it rains. 

IV. Needful apparatus. The law specifies that the state super- 
intendent shall give information as to what shall constitute needful 
apparatus and proper equipment. The following items are here- 
with given as necessary to secure the special state aid for rural 
schools of the first class: 

1. An ample supply of modern textbooks, including a set for the 
teacher's desk, supplied by the district or owned by the children. 

Note : The set for the teacher's use is the property of the district and 
should be furnished by the district, even if parents buy the textbooks for 
the children. 

2. A serviceable globe at least 10 inches in diameter. 

3. At least two complete sets of well-kept modern supplementary 
readers for the first six grades. 

Note : In the classes of the fifth and sixth grades, one of these sets 
may be historical or geographical. 

4. A well catalogued library kept in good repair, and placed in 
cases containing adequate shelf room. 

5. A satisfactory teacher's desk and chair and two extra chairs. 

6. A tested thermometer hung from the ceiling in such a way 
that it registers the temperature of the part of the room used by 
pupils. 



See laws on p. 13 of this pamphlet. 



7. A flag staff twenty-five or more feet high should be erected on 
the grounds. A flag at least six by eight feet should be purchased 
and means provided for displaying and caring for it. 

Xote : A flag pole on the schoolhouse presents a number of difficulties. 
If, however, there is a flag pole on the building and it is giving good ser- 
vice, it will be accepted as fulfilling the requirement. It should not be 
necessary for pupils or teacher to climb upon the roof to unfurl or take 
down the flag. The flag should not be allowed to remain out in the weather 
at night. 

8. Proper drill cards and seat work for teaching primary subjects. 

9. One large up-to-date dictionary and at least one secondary dic- 
tionary (or one equally good) for every five pupils above the first 
three grades. 

10. A set of eight lithograph or outline maps. When new ones 
are purchased, each map must be in a separate spring roller case. 

Note : The following maps are suggested : "Western hemisphere, 
Eastern hemisphere. Xorth America, South America, United States. Europe. 
Asia, and Africa. The railroad map of Wisconsin is furnished free every 
four years, and one of them should be found in every school 

The single roller maps may be kept in any part of the room. The 
hooks should be the same distance apart in all cases so that the maps may 
be interchanged and hung in different parts of the room as the needs of 
the work may require. 

11. Enameled sink with drain pipe, wash basin, mirror, paper 
towels, and liquid soap. 

12. A water jar with bubbler attached, or running water with 
proper plumbing. 

13. Single, steel adjustable desks and chairs or settees. If single 
stationary desks have been in use and are of a sufficient number of 
sizes so that all pupils are seated properly, they will be accepted, 
but all new desks and chairs or settees installed must be single, steel 
adjustables of good quality. 

14. At least eighty square feet of good blackboard (slate recom- 
mended) placed in front and at the right of the pupils. The board 
in front should be from twenty-eight to thirty-two inches from the 
floor and at the right, twenty-four to twenty-eight inches. Slate 
board four feet wide is recommended. 

15. At least four of the following pieces of play equipment: 

a. A low strong swing. g. A sand bin about 8x12, 

b. A giant stride. placed in some shady corner 

c. Horizontal bars. of grounds. 

d. A modern teeter. h. A smooth, straight running 

e. A coaster slide. track. 

f. A volley ball. i. Baseball grounds and equip- 
(Basket ball may be used.) nient. 

Schools must have at least ten of the fifteen requirements in the 
above list in order to secure aid for the first year application is 
made. To receive aid for the second time, two additional items will 
be required, and the third time and for succeeding years, all re- 
quirements must be met. The school equipment as well as the 
building must be kept in good condition and repair. Children must 
be taught the proper respect for all school property. 

V. Supplementary readers. These are included under equip- 
ment above. 



— 8 — 

VI. An adequate system of ventilation. The law prescribes that 
"the state superintendent shall inform the county superintendent 
as to what shall be considered an improved system of ventilation for 
rural schools." 



GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 

1. Any heating and ventilating system that has been in operation 
and is now in good condition will be accepted if an anemometer test 
shows that it delivers not less than fifteen cubic feet of fresh air, 
heated to the proper temperature, per pupil per minute for the 
maximum enrollment. 

2. Basements and basement furnaces for schoolhouses are recom- 
mended in all oases of new construction. Wherever school boards 
deem it impracticable or impossible to provide a basement and a 
basement heater for a new school building, they should correspond 
with the Superintendent of Public Instruction before starting the 
construction of the building. The situation should be fully ex- 
plained and reasons given for not complying with this recommenda- 
tion. Failure on the part of school boards to meet this requirement 
will jeopardize certain special state aid. 

3. The heating plant should be located at or near the north side 
of the basement. 

4. The heating plants installed in any schoolhouse must be 
capable of heating the air in the classrooms to 70° when the tempera- 
ture outside the building is 20° below zero. The air in the cloak- 
rooms and hallways should be maintained at a temperature of 60° 
to 65°. 

5. Cloakrooms and hallways must be heated and ventilated. 

6. No system will be considered satisfactory unless provision is 
made for furnishing moisture to the air that . is delivered to the 
schoolroom. 

7. Under no circumstances will registers, either for fresh or 
foul air, be permitted in the floor of the school building. 

8. The main flues for the admission of warm fresh air should 
enter the room at from seven to eight feet from the floor line. 

9. The openings for foul air vent flues should be located on 
the same side of the school building as the heated air intakes. The 
lower edge of the foul air opening should be flush with the school- 
room floor. Vent flues for the building may be placed in cloak- 
rooms, provided they comply with the requirement that they must 
be on the same side of the building as the warm fresh air ducts. 

10. A return air flue may be installed, if placed in the side wall 
and provided with a damper. Foul air return flues must be closed 
during the time the school is in session. 

11. There must be provision for heating the air in the vent flues 
through which the foul air is removed from the building. All vent 
flues must lead directly through the roof or to the ventilator, if sev- 
eral flues are to be combined. Vent flues must not open into the 
attic. 

12. Provision may be made for the so-called "foot warmers," pro- 
vided they are placed in the side wall. 

13. Openings to flues covered by registers or gratings must be of 
a size to permit of the full working capacity of the flue. 



— 9 — 

14. All air to be warmed must be taken from outside the build- 
ing. It is recommended that a fresh air room be provided, and that 
the fresh air flues lead from this room to the furnace, or to the 
steam coils. The fresh air room should be located in one corner of 
the building, to the end that two outdoor openings may be pro- 
vided, — one on each of two sides of the building. 

15. Provision must be made for supplying moisture to the air. A 
water pan or pans with a capacity of from 20 to 40 quarts must be 
provided. The water pan must be placed where it will be warmed, 
to the end that evaporation may be rapid. There should be as large 
an exposure of water surface in the evaporating pan as possible. 

16. The smoke flue should be located in the center of the foul 
air vent flue. It should have a diameter of from 8 to 10 inches, de- 
pending on the size of the plant, and should be constructed of cast 
iron sewer pipe, 16 gauge steel, or of a good quality soil pipe. The 
central smoke flue must be carefully built and properly stayed to 
the side walls of the vent flue. It should extend from 4 to 8" above 
the vent flue. The so-called "double flue" chimneys are not per- 
missible. 

17. The vent flue should extend above the top of the roof of the 
building, and should have the samo inside dimensions throughout 
its length. The vent flue should be cut off at the floor line of the 
schoolroom, but a damper may be provided. When so cut off a 
register or a grating is not necessary. 

18. Avoid sharp angles in the construction of all air passages. 

19. The ventilating system must be in operation to the full ca- 
pacity in school hours and at least thirty minutes before the morn- 
ing session. 

20. Basements should be nine feet in the clear and four feet 
above ground. 

21. Whatever system of ventilation is used, the windows should be 
so constructed that both the lower and upper sashes can be readily 
opened. If storm windows are used, they should be hung from the 
top, and provided with a device for fastening them when open. 

22. At the close of the day, the schoolroom should be flooded with 
fresh air, and the fresh air intake then closed for the night. 



REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS 

1. Steam System. 

a. Provide at least 200 square feet of indirect radiation and at 
least 13 square feet of direct radiation for a standard schoolroom 
32x23x12', and such additional radiation as may be necessary to 
♦■are for the cloakrooms and entryways, in accordance with the 
requirements of the general provisions. 

b. Provide a cold air intake with a cross-section area equal to 
1/250 of the area of the rooms to be heated. 

c. Provide a hot air flue for conveying the heated air from the 
steam coils to the schoolroom, having a cross-section area equal to 
1/200 of the floor area of the rooms to be heated. 

d. Provide a foul air vent flue equal in area to 1/200 of the floor 
area of the rooms to be heated. 

e. Provide for heating the air in the foul air vent flue. 

f. A system in which the fresh air is admitted directly into the 
classrooms at the radiator, is not permissible. 



— 10 — 

2. Basement Furnace. 

a. Note requirements for the location of the furnace and recom- 
mendation for a fresh air room. 

b. Provide one square foot of grate area for every 2500 cubic 
feet of the schoolroom. 

c. Provide one square foot of grate area for each 3500 cubic feet 
of the cloakrooms and entryways. 

d. Provide for each square foot of grate area at least thirty 
square feet of radiating surface in the furnace. 

e. Provide a fresh air intake flue having a cross-section area 
equal to 1/250 of the combined floor area of the rooms to be 
heated. 

f. The combined area of the flue, or flues, for conveying the heated 
air from the furnace should have a cross-section area equal to 1/2 
of the combined floor area of the rooms to be heated. The main 
hot air flue should open into the schoolroom at a point 7 to 7 % feet 
above the schoolroom floor. The flues for the so-called "foot warm- 
ers" should enter the room on a level with the schoolroom floor and 
should be placed in the side wall. 

g. The smoke flue should be located in the center of the vent 
flue and should have a diameter of from 8" to 10". The smoke flue 
should be made of cast iron sewer pipe, or a good quality of clay soil 
pipe, or of Number 16 gauge steel. The vent flue must have a net 
area exclusive of the central smoke flue, equal to 1/250 of the com- 
bined floor area of the rooms to be heated. 

3. Jacketed Stove Floor System. 

a. A room heater for a standard schoolroom 23x32x12 feet 
should have a grate with a diameter of at least 17" or its equivalent. 
Larger or smaller heaters should be provided to correspond with the 
size of the rooms to be heated. 

b. The shield or jacket must be placed not less than 6" from the 
stove, and must be raised above the floor at least 8 inches. The 
shield must be lined and insulated. 

c. A fresh air intake must be provided, having a cross-section 
area of a least 225 square inches. Provision should be made for 
preventing the fresh air after entering the jacket and before being 
warmed from dropping down and spreading out over the schoolroom 
floor. The fresh air intake pipe should be as short as possible. 

d. The vent flue should be built from the ground and should extend 
above the ridge of the schoolhouse. It should have an inside meas- 
urement of at least 256 square inches. The smoke flue should be 
placed in the center of the vent flue and should be constructed of 
8" cast iron sewer pipe, 16 gauge steel, or a good quality of soil pipe. 
The smoke flue should be substantially constructed and should be 
firmly braced in the center of the vent flue. 

e. The heater must be located on the same side of the room as the 
foul air vent flue, and must be near it. 

f. A chimney built on brackets is not permissible. It must in all 
cases extend to the ground. A clean-out to the vent and smoke flues 
should be provided. 

g. The lower edge of the opening to the vent flue must be on a 
level with the floor. The opening should be at least 16" x 20". 
The vent flue should be cut off at the level of the schoolroom floor. 
In such case, no register or grating is necessary. If a register is 
used over the vent flue opening, it should be so constructed that it 
offers the least obstruction possible to the air that passes out of the 
room. 



—11 — 

h. Double flue chimneys having one flue for smoke and one for 
foul air are not permissible. 

i. A water pan with a capacity of not less than 20 quarts and an 
evaporating surface of 200 or more square inches must be provided. 
It is recommended that if possible apparatus be provided for keeping 
the pan constantly supplied with water. At any rate the pan must 
be kept well filled. 

j. Where a jacketed stove system is used, having a special device 
for mixing the foul air and the smoke, the central smoke flue in the 
vent flue may be dispensed with. In such cases, the vent flue must 
have an inside measurement of at least 256 square inches. 

VII. Efficient work. This is the most important factor to be con- 
sidered in the granting of special state aid, and it may be at times the 
most difficult one to determine. No special aid should be given to 
districts in which poor school work is being done, or in which dis- 
order is prevalent. In checking up the work of the teachers, the 
superintendents should be guided by the following directions: 

1. The order in the school must be good at all times. This in- 
cludes the playground management as well as the schoolroom activi- 
ties. 

2. There must be evidence of good school housekeeping. 

3. The teacher must give attention to the posture and bodily 
habits of pupils, and to the health conditions in the room. 

4. The teaching must show evidence of daily preparation on the 
part of the teacher. 

5. The state manual should be the teacher's guide. 

6. The teacher must post and follow the program in the manuaL 
or a close approximation to it, variation of course being allowed 
where there are no pupils in one or more of the grades. 

7. There must be evidence of applying the work of the schoolroom 
to concrete and actual situations. 

8. Clear and definite assignments must be made by the teacher. 

9. The children who are of proper advancement must be given a 
definite course of lessons and exercises in the use of the school 
library, the department publication, "Lessons on the Use of the 
School Library", to be used as a guide. 

10. The pupils must be kept profitably employed while at their 
seats. 

11. There must be a good spirit — a spirit of hearty cooperation 
between pupils and teacher. The children should show genuine in- 
terest in their work and pride in the good name of the school. 

Note : Idleness, listlessness, day-dreaming, petty mischief, such a& 
shooting paper wads, writing notes, whispering, getting up and moving 
about, shuffling the feet, talking in signs, etc., when found in any marked 
degree, are sure indications of an incompetent teacher. Any school has its 
restless moments, but a wise teacher knows how to deal with this temporary 
condition. The teacher should stop now and then and count the number of 
pupils that are busy and the number idle as a test of her efficiency and hei- 
pupils' habits. 



12 



ADMINISTEATION OF THE SPECIAL STATE AID LAW 

1. A school district maintaining a rural school of the first class 
and desiring special state aid under this law must make an applica- 
tion in writing to the county or district superintendent on a blank 
furnished by him. It should be sent to the county superintendent at 
the beginning of school in the fall. This application is for aid for 
the ensuing school year and must be made every year that aid is 
desired. 

2. The county superintendent must inspect the school during the 
year and fill in a report blank, giving information concerning the 
condition of the school and the work done by the teacher. 

3. The application and inspection report must be sent to the state 
superintendent on or before September 15, the following year. 

4. The applications and reports are checked over in the office of 
1he state superintendent and passed upon. 

5. The apportionment of the state school money is made in De- 
cember. At that time, a sufficient amount is withheld from the 
seven-tenths mill tax to pay the approved applications coming under 
the law. 

6. The special state aid is paid by the state treasurer to the dis- 
trict school treasurer in the form of a draft. It will reach the school 
district some time during February or March, and will be for the 
year ending June 30 of the year preceding. 

It should be noted that whenever special state aid is received, it is 
for the previous school year, and never for the current year. 



THE SPECIAL STATE AID LAW 

Section 40.13(2) Every school district not composed wholly or 
in part of an incorporated village or city, and any school district in 
which all of the school buildings are located outside the corporate 
limits of any city or village, which shall have maintained a school or 
schools for nine months the previous year, provided a suitable school 
building, or buildings, and outbuildings, needful apparatus, supple- 
mentary readers, and installed an adequate system of ventilation, and 
done efficient work, shall, for the purposes of this section, be deemed to 
have maintained a rural school or schools of the first class, provided 
that state graded schools organized and maintained under section 
40.41 of the statutes shall not be considered rural schools of the first 
class. 

Section 40.13(3) Any district maintaining a rural school or 
schools of the second class shall be entitled to a share in all state 
and county school moneys. Any district maintaining a rural school 
or schools of the first class shall be entitled, in addition to the 
moneys specified for rural schools of the second class, to special 
state aid to the amount of fifty dollars annually, provided the district 
"has fully complied with the provisions of this section. 



— 13 — 

State superintendent to fix standards. Section 40.13(4) The 
state superintendent shall inform the county and district superin- 
tendents as to what shall be considered needful apparatus and proper 
equipment and an improved system of ventilation for rural schools; 
and in case of disagreement between the school district and the 
county or district superintendents as to whether a school has the 
proper equipment, his judgment shall be final. 

Application for aid; if repairs in process. Section 40.13 (5 ) Any 
school district which desires special state aid provided in subsection 
(3), shall make out an application in writing to the county or district 
superintendent on a blank furnished by him, setting forth the condi- 
tion of the buildings, the amount and nature of the apparatus in the 
school, and a description of the system of ventilation used or in use. 
If a defect in the building or ventilating system or a deficiency in ap- 
paratus is in process of repair, the county superintendent may con- 
sider it, for the purposes of this application, as having been com- 
pleted; subsequent neglect, however, to complete such repairs or to 
make such purchases as the board have previously certified to be in 
process of making, shall be ground on which the county or state su- 
perintendent may revoke the approval of the application. 

Superintendents' duties. Section 40.13(6) If the county super- 
intendent shall approve of the application, he shall indorse the same 
and remit it to the state superintendent of public instruction who 
shall act upon the applications in the order of their reception. 

Section 40.13(7) To each district which shall comply with all 
the provisions of this section, and whose application for aid shall 
have been approved by him, the state superintendent shall appor- 
tion the sum of fifty dollars for each rural school of the first class 
maintained by said district which shall be paid in the same manner 
as other forms of special state aid are now paid. 

Sectiox 40.27(1) and Section 4590 of the statutes set forth the 
requirements with reference to the outbuildings, and are given here 
in full: 

Schools; separate water-closets; tax levy for. Section 40.27 (1i 
It shall be the duty of each school district board, to provide at least 
two suitable and convenient outhouses or water-closets for each of 
the schoolhouses under its control. Said outhouses or water-closets 
shall be entirely separated each from the other and shall have sep- 
arate means of access. The boys' outhouse shall be provided with 
suitable urinals. Said outhouses and said water-closets if detached 
from the schoolhouse, shall be placed at least thirty feet apart and 
separated by a substantial close fence not less than seven feet in 
height, and where placed on opposite sides of the school grounds 
shall be suitably screened from view. The board of education shall 
have said outhouses and water-closets kept in a clean and wholesome 
condition. If the electors of the district or town shall at the annual 
meeting fail to vote a tax of a sufficient amount to enable the board 
to comply with the provisions of this section, it shall be the duty of 
the district board prior to the third Monday of the November fol- 
lowing, to determine the sum necessary to be raised to carry out the 
provisions of this section, and the clerk or secretary shall forthwith 
certify to the town clerk the amount so fixed, who shall assess this 
amount as school district taxes are assessed, and such amount shall 
be assessed, levied and collected at the same time and in the same 
manner as other taxes for school purposes. 

Obscene books, literature, papers and pictures. Sectiox 4590 of 
the statutes. Any person who shall, in a public place, or on any 
fence or wall, or other surface, contiguous to the public street or 



— 14 — 

highway, or on the floor or ceiling, or on the inner or outer wall, 
closet, room, passage, hall, or any part of any hotel, inn, or tavern, 
courthouse, church, school, station house, depot for freight or pas- 
sengers, capitol or other buildings devoted or open to other or like 
public uses, or on the walls of any outbuildings, or other structure 
pertaining thereto, make or cause to be made any obscene drawing 
or picture or obscene or indecent writing, or print, liable to be seen 
by others passing, or coming near the same, such person so offending, 
shall, in every such case, be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on con- 
viction thereof, shall be punished by imprisonment in the county jail 
not; to exceed one year, or by fine not exceeding five hundred dollars. 

The rule of the State Board of Health with reference to toilets, 
and which has the effect of law, is as follows: 

Rule 27. Toilets. Water-closets, dry closets and outhouses shall 
be kept clean and sanitary at all times. Water-closets, and dry 
closets when provided, shall be efficient in every particular, and when 
said closets are not provided, then good, fly-tight, well-ventilated out- 
houses for both sexes, separated by closely built fences, shall be pro- 
vided. Good, dry walks shall lead to all outhouses, and closely built 
screens, or shields, shall be built in front of them. Outhouses for 
males shall have urinals arranged with stalls and with conduits of 
galvanized iron, or other impervious material, draining into a sewer, 
vault, or other suitable place. 



LIBRHKY Ul- LunuKcoo 




021 729 333 



Holl 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS, 



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021 729 333 9 



Hollinger Corp. 
P H8.5 



